Putrescine overproduction negatively impacts the oxidative state of poplar cells in culture.
Identifieur interne : 003510 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 003509; suivant : 003511Putrescine overproduction negatively impacts the oxidative state of poplar cells in culture.
Auteurs : Sridev Mohapatra [États-Unis] ; Rakesh Minocha ; Stephanie Long ; Subhash C. MinochaSource :
- Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB [ 0981-9428 ] ; 2009.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Acide glutamique (métabolisme), Animaux (MeSH), Calcium (métabolisme), Cellules cultivées (MeSH), Glucuronidase (génétique), Glucuronidase (métabolisme), Glutathion (métabolisme), Modèles biologiques (MeSH), NADH, NADPH oxidoreductases (métabolisme), Ornithine decarboxylase (génétique), Ornithine decarboxylase (métabolisme), Oxydoréduction (MeSH), Peroxyde d'hydrogène (métabolisme), Populus (génétique), Populus (métabolisme), Potassium (métabolisme), Proline (métabolisme), Putrescine (biosynthèse), Putrescine (physiologie), Récepteurs peptidiques (métabolisme), Souris (MeSH), Végétaux génétiquement modifiés (génétique), Végétaux génétiquement modifiés (métabolisme).
- MESH :
- biosynthèse : Putrescine.
- génétique : Glucuronidase, Ornithine decarboxylase, Populus, Végétaux génétiquement modifiés.
- métabolisme : Acide glutamique, Calcium, Glucuronidase, Glutathion, NADH, NADPH oxidoreductases, Ornithine decarboxylase, Peroxyde d'hydrogène, Populus, Potassium, Proline, Récepteurs peptidiques, Végétaux génétiquement modifiés.
- physiologie : Putrescine.
- Animaux, Cellules cultivées, Modèles biologiques, Oxydoréduction, Souris.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Animals (MeSH), Calcium (metabolism), Cells, Cultured (MeSH), Glucuronidase (genetics), Glucuronidase (metabolism), Glutamic Acid (metabolism), Glutathione (metabolism), Hydrogen Peroxide (metabolism), Mice (MeSH), Models, Biological (MeSH), NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases (metabolism), Ornithine Decarboxylase (genetics), Ornithine Decarboxylase (metabolism), Oxidation-Reduction (MeSH), Plants, Genetically Modified (genetics), Plants, Genetically Modified (metabolism), Populus (genetics), Populus (metabolism), Potassium (metabolism), Proline (metabolism), Putrescine (biosynthesis), Putrescine (physiology), Receptors, Peptide (metabolism).
- MESH :
- chemical , biosynthesis : Putrescine.
- chemical , genetics : Glucuronidase, Ornithine Decarboxylase.
- chemical , metabolism : Calcium, Glucuronidase, Glutamic Acid, Glutathione, Hydrogen Peroxide, NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases, Ornithine Decarboxylase, Potassium, Proline, Receptors, Peptide.
- genetics : Plants, Genetically Modified, Populus.
- metabolism : Plants, Genetically Modified, Populus.
- chemical , physiology : Putrescine.
- Animals, Cells, Cultured, Mice, Models, Biological, Oxidation-Reduction.
Abstract
While polyamines (PAs) have been suggested to protect cells against Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), their catabolism is known to generate ROS. We compared the activities of several enzymes and cellular metabolites involved in the ROS scavenging pathways in two isogenic cell lines of poplar (Populus nigraxmaximowiczii) differing in their PA contents. Whereas the control cell line was transformed with beta-glucuronidase (GUS), the other, called HP (High Putrescine), was transformed with a mouse ornithine decarboxylase (mODC) gene. The expression of mODC resulted in several-fold increased production of putrescine as well its enhanced catabolism. The two cell lines followed a similar trend of growth over the seven-day culture cycle, but the HP cells had elevated levels of soluble proteins. Accumulation of H(2)O(2) was higher in the HP cells than the control cells, and so were the activities of glutathione reductase and monodehydroascorbate reductase; the activity of ascorbate peroxidase was lower in the former. The contents of reduced glutathione and glutamate were significantly lower in the HP cells but proline was higher on some days of analysis. There was a small difference in mitochondrial activity between the two cell lines, and the HP cells showed increased membrane damage. In the HP cells, increased accumulation of Ca was concomitant with lower accumulation of K. We conclude that, while increased putrescine accumulation may have a protective role against ROS in plants, enhanced turnover of putrescine actually can make them vulnerable to increased oxidative damage.
DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.12.007
PubMed: 19136266
Affiliations:
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Minocha</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2009">2009</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:19136266</idno><idno type="pmid">19136266</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.12.007</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">003689</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">003689</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">003689</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Curation">003689</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">003689</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Putrescine overproduction negatively impacts the oxidative state of poplar cells in culture.</title><author><name sortKey="Mohapatra, Sridev" sort="Mohapatra, Sridev" uniqKey="Mohapatra S" first="Sridev" last="Mohapatra">Sridev Mohapatra</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">New Hampshire</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Minocha, Rakesh" sort="Minocha, Rakesh" uniqKey="Minocha R" first="Rakesh" last="Minocha">Rakesh Minocha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Long, Stephanie" sort="Long, Stephanie" uniqKey="Long S" first="Stephanie" last="Long">Stephanie Long</name></author><author><name sortKey="Minocha, Subhash C" sort="Minocha, Subhash C" uniqKey="Minocha S" first="Subhash C" last="Minocha">Subhash C. Minocha</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB</title><idno type="ISSN">0981-9428</idno><imprint><date when="2009" type="published">2009</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals (MeSH)</term><term>Calcium (metabolism)</term><term>Cells, Cultured (MeSH)</term><term>Glucuronidase (genetics)</term><term>Glucuronidase (metabolism)</term><term>Glutamic Acid (metabolism)</term><term>Glutathione (metabolism)</term><term>Hydrogen Peroxide (metabolism)</term><term>Mice (MeSH)</term><term>Models, Biological (MeSH)</term><term>NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases (metabolism)</term><term>Ornithine Decarboxylase (genetics)</term><term>Ornithine Decarboxylase (metabolism)</term><term>Oxidation-Reduction (MeSH)</term><term>Plants, Genetically Modified (genetics)</term><term>Plants, Genetically Modified (metabolism)</term><term>Populus (genetics)</term><term>Populus (metabolism)</term><term>Potassium (metabolism)</term><term>Proline (metabolism)</term><term>Putrescine (biosynthesis)</term><term>Putrescine (physiology)</term><term>Receptors, Peptide (metabolism)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Acide glutamique (métabolisme)</term><term>Animaux (MeSH)</term><term>Calcium (métabolisme)</term><term>Cellules cultivées (MeSH)</term><term>Glucuronidase (génétique)</term><term>Glucuronidase (métabolisme)</term><term>Glutathion (métabolisme)</term><term>Modèles biologiques (MeSH)</term><term>NADH, NADPH oxidoreductases (métabolisme)</term><term>Ornithine decarboxylase (génétique)</term><term>Ornithine decarboxylase (métabolisme)</term><term>Oxydoréduction (MeSH)</term><term>Peroxyde d'hydrogène (métabolisme)</term><term>Populus (génétique)</term><term>Populus (métabolisme)</term><term>Potassium (métabolisme)</term><term>Proline (métabolisme)</term><term>Putrescine (biosynthèse)</term><term>Putrescine (physiologie)</term><term>Récepteurs peptidiques (métabolisme)</term><term>Souris (MeSH)</term><term>Végétaux génétiquement modifiés (génétique)</term><term>Végétaux génétiquement modifiés (métabolisme)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="biosynthesis" xml:lang="en"><term>Putrescine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Glucuronidase</term><term>Ornithine Decarboxylase</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Calcium</term><term>Glucuronidase</term><term>Glutamic Acid</term><term>Glutathione</term><term>Hydrogen Peroxide</term><term>NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases</term><term>Ornithine Decarboxylase</term><term>Potassium</term><term>Proline</term><term>Receptors, Peptide</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="biosynthèse" xml:lang="fr"><term>Putrescine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Plants, Genetically Modified</term><term>Populus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Glucuronidase</term><term>Ornithine decarboxylase</term><term>Populus</term><term>Végétaux génétiquement modifiés</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Plants, Genetically Modified</term><term>Populus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="métabolisme" xml:lang="fr"><term>Acide glutamique</term><term>Calcium</term><term>Glucuronidase</term><term>Glutathion</term><term>NADH, NADPH oxidoreductases</term><term>Ornithine decarboxylase</term><term>Peroxyde d'hydrogène</term><term>Populus</term><term>Potassium</term><term>Proline</term><term>Récepteurs peptidiques</term><term>Végétaux génétiquement modifiés</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Putrescine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Putrescine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Cells, Cultured</term><term>Mice</term><term>Models, Biological</term><term>Oxidation-Reduction</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux</term><term>Cellules cultivées</term><term>Modèles biologiques</term><term>Oxydoréduction</term><term>Souris</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">While polyamines (PAs) have been suggested to protect cells against Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), their catabolism is known to generate ROS. We compared the activities of several enzymes and cellular metabolites involved in the ROS scavenging pathways in two isogenic cell lines of poplar (Populus nigraxmaximowiczii) differing in their PA contents. Whereas the control cell line was transformed with beta-glucuronidase (GUS), the other, called HP (High Putrescine), was transformed with a mouse ornithine decarboxylase (mODC) gene. The expression of mODC resulted in several-fold increased production of putrescine as well its enhanced catabolism. The two cell lines followed a similar trend of growth over the seven-day culture cycle, but the HP cells had elevated levels of soluble proteins. Accumulation of H(2)O(2) was higher in the HP cells than the control cells, and so were the activities of glutathione reductase and monodehydroascorbate reductase; the activity of ascorbate peroxidase was lower in the former. The contents of reduced glutathione and glutamate were significantly lower in the HP cells but proline was higher on some days of analysis. There was a small difference in mitochondrial activity between the two cell lines, and the HP cells showed increased membrane damage. In the HP cells, increased accumulation of Ca was concomitant with lower accumulation of K. We conclude that, while increased putrescine accumulation may have a protective role against ROS in plants, enhanced turnover of putrescine actually can make them vulnerable to increased oxidative damage.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">19136266</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2009</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>11</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>30</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Print">0981-9428</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Print"><Volume>47</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><PubDate><Year>2009</Year><Month>Apr</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Plant Physiol Biochem</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Putrescine overproduction negatively impacts the oxidative state of poplar cells in culture.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>262-71</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.12.007</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>While polyamines (PAs) have been suggested to protect cells against Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), their catabolism is known to generate ROS. We compared the activities of several enzymes and cellular metabolites involved in the ROS scavenging pathways in two isogenic cell lines of poplar (Populus nigraxmaximowiczii) differing in their PA contents. Whereas the control cell line was transformed with beta-glucuronidase (GUS), the other, called HP (High Putrescine), was transformed with a mouse ornithine decarboxylase (mODC) gene. The expression of mODC resulted in several-fold increased production of putrescine as well its enhanced catabolism. The two cell lines followed a similar trend of growth over the seven-day culture cycle, but the HP cells had elevated levels of soluble proteins. Accumulation of H(2)O(2) was higher in the HP cells than the control cells, and so were the activities of glutathione reductase and monodehydroascorbate reductase; the activity of ascorbate peroxidase was lower in the former. The contents of reduced glutathione and glutamate were significantly lower in the HP cells but proline was higher on some days of analysis. There was a small difference in mitochondrial activity between the two cell lines, and the HP cells showed increased membrane damage. In the HP cells, increased accumulation of Ca was concomitant with lower accumulation of K. We conclude that, while increased putrescine accumulation may have a protective role against ROS in plants, enhanced turnover of putrescine actually can make them vulnerable to increased oxidative damage.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mohapatra</LastName><ForeName>Sridev</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Minocha</LastName><ForeName>Rakesh</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Long</LastName><ForeName>Stephanie</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Minocha</LastName><ForeName>Subhash C</ForeName><Initials>SC</Initials></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013486">Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2008</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>16</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>France</Country><MedlineTA>Plant Physiol Biochem</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>9882449</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0981-9428</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D018000">Receptors, Peptide</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="C035560">glutathione receptor</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>3KX376GY7L</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D018698">Glutamic Acid</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>9DLQ4CIU6V</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D011392">Proline</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>BBX060AN9V</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D006861">Hydrogen Peroxide</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>EC 1.6.-</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D009247">NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>EC 1.6.5.4</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="C023927">monodehydroascorbate reductase (NADH)</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>EC 3.2.1.31</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D005966">Glucuronidase</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>EC 4.1.1.17</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D009955">Ornithine Decarboxylase</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>GAN16C9B8O</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D005978">Glutathione</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>RWP5GA015D</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D011188">Potassium</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>SY7Q814VUP</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D002118">Calcium</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>V10TVZ52E4</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D011700">Putrescine</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000818" MajorTopicYN="N">Animals</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002118" MajorTopicYN="N">Calcium</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002478" MajorTopicYN="N">Cells, Cultured</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005966" MajorTopicYN="N">Glucuronidase</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018698" MajorTopicYN="N">Glutamic Acid</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005978" MajorTopicYN="N">Glutathione</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006861" MajorTopicYN="N">Hydrogen Peroxide</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D051379" MajorTopicYN="N">Mice</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008954" MajorTopicYN="N">Models, Biological</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D009247" MajorTopicYN="N">NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D009955" MajorTopicYN="N">Ornithine Decarboxylase</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010084" MajorTopicYN="N">Oxidation-Reduction</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D030821" MajorTopicYN="N">Plants, Genetically Modified</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D032107" MajorTopicYN="N">Populus</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="Y">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011188" MajorTopicYN="N">Potassium</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011392" MajorTopicYN="N">Proline</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011700" MajorTopicYN="N">Putrescine</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000096" MajorTopicYN="Y">biosynthesis</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="Y">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018000" MajorTopicYN="N">Receptors, Peptide</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2008</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>25</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2008</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>07</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2008</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>08</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2009</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>13</Day><Hour>9</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2009</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>13</Day><Hour>9</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2009</Year><Month>6</Month><Day>12</Day><Hour>9</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">19136266</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">S0981-9428(08)00243-X</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.12.007</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed><affiliations><list><country><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>New Hampshire</li></region></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Long, Stephanie" sort="Long, Stephanie" uniqKey="Long S" first="Stephanie" last="Long">Stephanie Long</name><name sortKey="Minocha, Rakesh" sort="Minocha, Rakesh" uniqKey="Minocha R" first="Rakesh" last="Minocha">Rakesh Minocha</name><name sortKey="Minocha, Subhash C" sort="Minocha, Subhash C" uniqKey="Minocha S" first="Subhash C" last="Minocha">Subhash C. Minocha</name></noCountry><country name="États-Unis"><region name="New Hampshire"><name sortKey="Mohapatra, Sridev" sort="Mohapatra, Sridev" uniqKey="Mohapatra S" first="Sridev" last="Mohapatra">Sridev Mohapatra</name></region></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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